Primitive Technology

Double water bellows
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About This Video:
I built two water bellows to use in tandem for smelting. Previously I made and tested one water bellow. It was small and was fired in a pit. For this project I made two that had a deeper stroke than the last one. I also fired it in a kiln so it would be stronger. I made a wide based tuyere for the two spouts of the bellows to fit into during use. When one bellow was lifted the other dropped so that a constant but intermittent stream of air entered the fire. The bellows worked well initially but then the handle came off one. So I attached wooden handles to both and they were easier to operate. I got about 2 hours of use and then the spout broke off one. This was probably due to a low firing temperature in the kiln, I could fix that problem the next time I do a firing by adding fewer layers of bricks in the bottom of the kiln. Also, the design could be modified to make the spout stronger.

00:00- 03:13 Make new water bellows
03:13- 06:45 Making bricks
06:45-10:13 Firing bellows and bricks
10:13- 12:11 Bellows valves
12:11- 13:06 Bricks and ash pellets
13:06- 14:47 Setting up bellows
14:47- 19:44 Testing Bellows

About Primitive Technology:
Primitive technology is a hobby where you build things in the wild completely from scratch using no modern tools or materials. These are the strict rules: If you want a fire, use a fire stick - An axe, pick up a stone and shape it - A hut, build one from trees, mud, rocks etc. The challenge is seeing how far you can go without utilizing modern technology. I do not live in the wild, but enjoy building shelter, tools, and more, only utilizing natural materials. To find specific videos, visit my playlist tab for building videos focused on pyrotechnology, shelter, weapons, food & agriculture, tools & machines, and weaving & fiber.

#PrimitiveTechnology #fire #survival

2.5 m Natural draft furnace experiment
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About This Video:
I built a 2.5 m tall furnace to see if it could get hot enough to smelt iron by natural draft alone. Such furnaces work by the stack effect where the tall furnace causes negative pressure inducing an air flow from the base of the furnace and out the top. I'd previously built 2 natural draft furnaces 1.5 m tall with one producing a small amount of iron (4 grams) from ore.

The new furnace was built 25 cm in diameter and 50 cm tall with a chimney on top extending another 1.5 m. A charging door allowed charcoal and ore to be charged through the side without blocking the chimney. The furnace was hot enough to produce slag but no iron was recovered from the smelt. This was probably due to an oxidising atmosphere in the furnace, due to the short fuel bed and large charcoal lump size.

An interesting side effect of the test was a strange pulsing combustion when the door was left open. Flames and smoke would blow out and be sucked back in the charging door rhythmically so it sounded like a locomotive. This phenomenon has been observed in wood stoves, I don't think it's exactly like combustion in a pulse jet as it relies on natural draft to get started but is similar. Air is sucked in, the gases combust blowing air out the door and chimney, the gases in the furnace become over expanded causing a vacuum and air is sucked back in with the cycle repeating.

In future it may be necessary to mix carbon with the ore to form pellets to get it to convert to iron. I'd made a furnace like this bottle shaped design back in 2012 but with a grate rather than using tuyeres and it successfully made some nuggets of iron from an ore brick of ore and crushed charcoal set directly on the grate.

About Primitive Technology:
Primitive technology is a hobby where you build things in the wild completely from scratch using no modern tools or materials. These are the strict rules: If you want a fire, use a fire stick - An axe, pick up a stone and shape it - A hut, build one from trees, mud, rocks etc. The challenge is seeing how far you can go without utilizing modern technology. I do not live in the wild, but enjoy building shelter, tools, and more, only utilizing natural materials. To find specific videos, visit my playlist tab for building videos focused on pyrotechnology, shelter, weapons, food & agriculture, tools & machines, and weaving & fiber.

#PrimitiveTechnology #1 #2